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YOGINI CULT AND TEMPLES: A Tantric Tradition






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YOGINI CULT AND TEMPLES: A Tantric Tradition

YOGINI CULT AND TEMPLES: A Tantric Tradition


Libros > Arte y arquitectura > YOGINI CULT AND TEMPLES: A Tantric Tradition
Viendo del 27 de 976
http://www.exoticindia.es/book/details/IDE937/

Especificaciones
Código del Artículo: IDE937

por Vidya Dehejia

Hardcover (Edición: 1986)

National Museum, Janpath

Tamaño: 13.2" X 10.0"
Páginas: 252 (Color Illus: 33, B & W Illus: 171, Figures: 18, Map: 1)

Precio: Euro 45.74

Descripción
Preface

A simple circular enclosure with no roof and no hidden sanctum sanctorum, standing open to the sky and permitting the sunlight to pour into its exposed arena, is an unusual phenomenon for an Indian temple. Within the enclosure and placed in niches in its circular walls are a series of female images, generally sixty-four in number, with beautiful bodies but often with non-human heads. These shrines are referred to as Chaunsat (64) Yogini temple; the cult that gave rise to them has remained a mystery and total ignorance surrounds their character and construction. Intrigued by the curious nature of these temples and their enigmatic images, I embarked on a study of the Yoginis and their shrines, hoping to uncover the secrets of this mysterious cult.

Remains of this remarkable variety of temple are scattered over the northern part of India and with a few exceptions, they are located in sites remote and difficult of access. Most of the Yogini temples were reported by Cunningham in his exploratory tours of the late 19th century, but few have been explored since. My travels into the les frequented parts of central India where robber-gangs known as dacoits are still active, led to interesting encounters. At Dudahi (which has a Yogini temple) the villagers barricaded themselves in their huts fully convinced that I was the local dacoit queen, Hasina; while at the Yogini site of Naresar, I discovered that following a successful kidnapping, the temples were frequently used by the dacoits as a safe and unknown shelter.

One reason why the Yoginis and their temples have been neglected may be due to the deep sense of fear and awe that they inspire in the average person. People generally refer to the Yoginis in hushed tones, if at all they mention them. This secrecy is maintained to such as extent that the very existence of the Yogini temple at Hirapur became public knowledge only as recently as the year 1953. it is quite amazing that this well-preserved shrine, barely ten miles from the major temple center of Bhubanesvar, should have remained unknown all these years. There is a widespread apprehension that one may be cursed by the Yoginis for a whole host of reasons and it is believed that even approaching too close to their temples may have disastrous consequences. This deepseated fear makes the average villager and even town-dweller steer clear of the Yogini temple. He would rather not talk to you about Yogini, much less lead you to one of their shrines.

This dread of the Yoginis seems to have been prevalent since ancient times. The Brahmanda Purana which incorporates the well-known poem Lalita Sahasranama or "Thousand Names of Lalita", concludes the section with the warning that anyone who so loses his wits as to impart the poem to a non-initiate will be cursed by the Yoginis. To incur the curse of the Yoginis is regarded as a fate worse than death. The Jnanarnava Tantra similarly tells us that a person transmitting sacred and secret knowledge to one who is uninitiated, will become food for the Yoginis. This attitude has probably been the cause for the Yogini cult remaining such a well-guarded secret over the centuries.

Published material holds little of relevance to the Yogini cult. Surveys of Indian art have generally ignored the Yoginis and their temples. To historians of architecture the simple, hypaethral shrines of the Yoginis, lacking towers, gateways and decorative carvings, may have seemed insignificant in the context of the history of the Indian temple. It is surpising, however, that the exquisitely sculpted images of the Yoginis in some of the temples have not attracted those interested in the development of Indian sculpture. More difficult to comprehend is the fact that neither iconographers nor historians of Indian religion have paid any attention to a cult that was of notable consequence during the medieval period, judging from the considerable number of temples that still exist and others that have been destroyed. The cult of the Yoginis has been ignored even in those works destroyed. The cult of the Yoginis has been ignored even in those works devoted entirely to the lesser-known religious sects, as also in books devoted to the various forms of worship connected with the Great Goddess? Even studies on tantra have by-passed the Yogini temples in relative silence, ignoring this unique cult.

Preliminary investigation having suggested the tantric character of Yogini worship, I attempted to communicate with tantric gurus, hoping to gain from them an insight into these ancient, lost traditions. I found, however, that only these ancient, lost traditions. I found, however, that only those seeking initiation are welcome. While I considered the possibility of taking such a step, I soon realized that this would not be a practicable solution since in north India (in contrast to the south) such initiation would involve not only participation in rites of a decidedly dubious nature, but also the swearing of an oath of secrecy regarding all information imparted after initiation.

I turned hence to manuscript collections in various parts of the sub-continent, and it was after many months of persistent search that I finally came across manuscripts, both on paper and palm-leaf, that threw light on this hitherto neglected facet of medieval religion and culture. I have been able, of course, only to skim the surface of the vast quantity of material available in manuscript form. Apart from the numerous and often uncatalogued library collections, several families possess old and valuable manuscripts. In many parts of India, manuscripts are regarded with reverence, being worshipped together with the family gods besides whom they are placed. Frequently it is believed that these documents possess a certain potency; for instance, to this day when Orissan rivers are in spate, manuscripts are thrown into them to placate and appease the gods!

Information pertinent to the Yoginis and the cult associated with them emerged ultimately both from a series of unknown and unpublished manuscripts, and from certain published Sanskrit texts, which have not been, so far, systematically analysed. Details of these sources will be found in the Bibliography, but I would like to review briefly the material I have explored. Extant in manuscript form, in libraries at Varanasi, Baroda, Madras and elsewhere, are a number of Yogini namavalis which are lists of names of the Yoginis. Such name-lists are not preceded by any explanatory material and they usually end with a single verse stating that the Yoginis should be worshipped devoutly. While several such namavalis exits, these give us little information on the Yoginis or their cult, merely providing us with sets of names that rarely tally from one list to the next. Puranas referring to the Yoginis usually incorporate such namavalis, and the Agni Purana for instance contains two name-lists, as does the Skanda Purana and the Kalika Purana. Two namavalis within the same Purana (as in the case of the Skanda Purana) often contain totally different lists of sixty-four names. However, a closer examination of these and other Puranic texts provides information on the character of the Yoginis and clues to their relationship with the Great Goddess.

A group of manuscripts with titles such as Yoginipujavidhi or "Manner of Worship of the Yoginis" might appear, at first acquaintance, to contain material that would throw light on the Yoginis of the Yogini temples. However, all these documents prove to be texts of the Sri Vidya cult, and the Yoginis of its Sri Cakra belong to a category apart from these were are considering. Such manuscripts may then be discounted in our present study. The same applies to a class of texts found in most manuscript libraries, entitled Yoginidasa: these are works of astrological significance only. Historical romances and semi-historical literature such as Somadevasuri's Yasastilaka (A. D. 959), Kalhana's Rajatarangini (c. 1150) and Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara (c. 1070) contain tales about Yoginis. A close scrutiny of these stories in the original Sanskrit indicates that while most such accounts are about human witches, a few portray the Yoginis as goddesses and thus provide us with relevant material.

It is, however, from tantras belonging to the Kaula school that really significant information on the Yoginis and the cult associated with them may be culled. The language in which these tantras are written is by no means straightforward; in fact, these documents are often couched in an intentional abstruse language called sandha bhasa, clear only to the initiate. Cults associated with tantra are esoteric by nature and initiation through a guru is essential. Since the guru introduces the initiate to the secrets of the cult, there is no necessity for explicit statements in the written texts. Kaula tantras then refer to the Yoginis without clear explanatory statements on the position held by these goddesses, obviously assuming that such basic facts would be known already to their readers. The Kularnava, one of the best known tantras of the Kaula school, gives us valuable clues to the status of the Yoginis and indicates their prominence among followers of the Kaula path. Published with selected English readings which do not mention the term Yogini, the Kularnava Tantra, in its original Sanskrit texts, clearly contains numerous reference to the Yoginis. A series of such references are found, on analysis, to be highly enlightening. The tantric text Kaulajnananirnaya which belongs to a school that calls itself Yogini Kaula is also noteworthy.

The hitherto unknown and unstudied Sri Matottara Tantra provides us with extremely important information on the Yogini cult. The Matottara, listed in certain traditions as one of the original sixty-four tantras, ends each chapter with a reference to its doctrine as Yoginiguhya meaning "Secret of the Yoginis". Written in Sanskrit, this tantra exists in the Nepal National Archives in over thirty manuscript copies in both the Newari and Devanagari scripts, of which the earliest version dated in the text itself, belongs to the Newari year 729 or A. D. 1609. My study of this tantra is based on a complete version written in the Devanagari scripts (No. 4-2506). Not unknown in India proper, the Matottara Tantra is the original of the so-called Goraksa Samhita published in its incomplete form by the Sanskrit University at Varanasi. In this later version, it is repeatedly stated that this esoteric knowledge has not been told elsewhere except in the Sri Matottara (anya tantram maya guptam kathitam srimatottare), and each chapter ends with the statement that the text is of the Kaula school. Janardan Pandeya who edited the Goraksa Samhita is of the opinion that the manuscript is approximately four hundred years old. The text of the Samhita may, however, have been composed much earlier, which would indicate that the original Matottara was composed earlier still.

Taking the form of a dialogue between Siva and Devi Kubjika, the Sri Matottara Tantra is in the nature of a compendium of cakras (ritual circles), the origin and significance of each being explained in an independent chapter, together with instructions for its diagrammatic presentation. Of special relevance to Yoginis are four cakras detailed in this text; the Khecari Cakra and the Yogini Cakra are both circles of sixty-four Yoginis; the Mula Cakra is a grouping of eighty-one Yoginis; and the Malini Cakra is a circle of fifty goddesses. The Matottara intimates that the aim of Yogini worship is the acquisition of a variety of occult powers and it also given an indication of the ritual practices associated with the cult.

It appears that the worship of the Yoginis, most frequently in a group of sixty-four, was one of the significant, though less familiar, cults practiced by the Saktas who believed in the supremacy of Sakti or Power concentrated in the person of the Great Goddess.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgementsviii
Prefaceix
Introduction1
Concepts and Cult
1.The Many Aspects of Yoginis11
2.The Circle and Cakras of Yoginis39
3.Occult Powers and Cult Practices53
Yogini Temples and Images
4.Origins and Spread of the Yogini Cult67
5.Sixty-four Yogini Temples in Orissa91
6.Sixty-four Yogini Temples in Central India115
7.Bheraghat: A Temple of Eight-one Yoginis125
8.Temples of the Forty-two Yoginis141
9.Four Collections of Yoginis from Central India145
10.South Indian Yoginis175
Conclusion185
Appendix I: Yoginis Including Matrkas187
Appendix II: Two Major Yogini Traditions Excluding Matrkas201
Appendix III: Two unfolding Formations of 64 Yoginis217
Notes219
Bibliography228
Index237

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  1. Yogini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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  3. Definición yogini | Diccionario Inglés definiciones | Reverso

    diccionario.reverso.net/ingles-definiciones/yogini - En caché
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  7. Everyday Yogini — musings of one yogini living in the present tense

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    musings of one yogini living in the present tense.
  8. Imágenes de YOGINI

     - Informar sobre las imágenes
  9. YouTube - incredible young yogini

    www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdtZ5UmDvvs10 min - 19 Nov 2007 - Subido por briocont
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  12. Yogini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

     - [ Traducir esta página ]
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogini - En caché
    Yogini is the complete form source word of the masculine yogi- and neutral/plural "yogin." Far from being merely a gender tag to the all things yogi, ...
  13. Diario de una Yogini

    www.diariodeunayogini.com/ - En caché
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  14. Definición yogini | Diccionario Inglés definiciones | Reverso

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    yogini definición : yogi n pl , -gis, -gin a person who is a master of yoga ♦ yogini fem n … , aprender el inglés, definición, inglés, diccionario, ...
  15. American Yogini | Luxurious yoga lifestyle, raw juice fasting ...

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    twitter.com/yogini - En caché
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  17. Gigi Yogini

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    www.gigiyogini.com/ - En caché
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  18. Everyday Yogini — musings of one yogini living in the present tense

     - [ Traducir esta página ]
    everydayyogini.com/ - En caché
    musings of one yogini living in the present tense.
  19. Imágenes de YOGINI

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108 Female Siddhas, Dakinis, Yoginis and Tantric Adepts

Female Siddhas of Chimphu:

1. Mandarava - the emanation of Vajra Varahi's Body
2. Khandroma Yeshé Tsogyel - the emanation of Vajra Varahi's Speech
3. Sakya Devi - the emanation of Vajra Varahi's Mind
4. Kalasiddhi - the emanation of VajraVarahi's Quality
5. Tashi Chidren - the emanation of Vajra Varahi's Activity
6. Khandro Wongchang - emanation of Vajra Varahi's Essential Indefinable
Individuality
7. Mélong Za Rinchen Tso (Mistress of the Jewel-mirror Lake)
8. Tshan-ma Za Dorje Tso (Mistress of the Hot Vajra Lake)
9. Tshom-bu Za Pema Tso (Mistress of the Mandala)
10. Tshé-nam Za Sang-gyé Tso (Life-sky Mistress of the Indestructible Lake)
11. Shel-kar Za Dorje Tso (Crystal Mistress of the Thunderbolt Lake)
12. Rü thog Za Thönrubma (Mistress of the Thunderbolt Clan)
13. Shubu Za Sherpa-ma
14. O-ché Za Kar (Mistress of Primordial Starlight)
15. Yamdrok Za Chökyi Drölma (Liberated Mistress of the Turquoise Lake)
16. ’Dzem-ma Za Lhamo (The Divine Blushing Mistress)
17. ’Bar Za Lha-yang (Mistress of Blazing Melody)
18. Cha-rog Za Changchubma (Compassionate Mistress of Ravens)
19. Aro Za Druk-tsal Shedrakma (A-tasting Dragon radiance Mistress of the
Crystal Crag)
20. Drom Za Pema-sel (Lotus Light Mistress of the Drom Clan)
21. Rong Za Siddhi (Mistress of Siddhis)
22. Trum Za Shel ma (Mistress of crystal constellations)
23. Khu Za Peltsun (Mistress of Glorious Wrath)

24. Kharchen Zhonnu Drolma - a disciple of Yeshe Tsogyel
25. Dewamo (Chonema) - Yeshe Tsogyel initiate
26. Kumudara - taught the visualization practice of black Bhairava to Dam-pa-
skor
27. Dinakara - Vajrayogini and heruka practice - could evoke visualization
28. Padmalocana / Jnanalocana - Maitripa's huntress-gurus acted in concert
with Savari
29. Gangadhara - Maitripa's spiritual companion
30. Gangabhadri - one of 10 gurus who introduced Padampa Sangye to the nature
of mind

Other yoginis who gave him direct introduction included:
31. Kumuda
32. Gelongma Palmo (Bhiksuni Laksmi) - late 10th or 11th c. introduced the
Njungne fasting ritual
33. Padmapada
34. Cinta
35. Sukhakara
36. Sukhasiddhi (the brewer dakini)
37. Sabari
38. Vimala
39. and Vrksaparni

40. Nodjyinmo Changchubma - great Dzogchenma and Master to Parani
41. Parani - prostitute: 6th holder of the dzogchen semde lineage
42. Gomadevi - main transmission of mahayoga karmamudra
43. Laksminkara - severed-headed vajrayogini; male disciple Virupa; [famous for] spontaneous songs
44. Vajravati (Diamond-like Woman) – wrathful Red Tara practice
45. Srisukha – tantric guru with hundreds of female yogini disciples
46. Kambala – spontaneous feast songs of realization
47. the yogini Ekavajra
48. Mekhala -sisters Severed-headed Vajrayogini inner yoga
49. Kanakhala -sisters Severed-headed Vajrayogini inner yoga
50. Sahajayoginicinta – spontaneous jewellike yogini
51. Dombi Herukini (Dombiyogini)
52. the arrowsmith woman
53. Bumcham Yum Chenmo – mother of Machig Labdron
54. Tontso Rinchen Bum – Machig Labdron’s sister
55. Machig Labdron (1055-1145) - founder of the Chod lineage in Tibet
56. Drub Chungma (Laduma) – Machig Labdron’s daughter
57. Achi Chokyi Drolma – (11th c.) grandmother of founder of the Drikung Lineage
58. Shugseb Jetsunma – sister of one of the great Sakya lamas and incarnation of Vajrayogini
59. Nangsa Obum (11c.) -a great yogini from the region of Tsang in Tibet
60. the Sesame-pounding woman
61.  Niguma (10-11c.) - Shangpa lineage founder "Six yogas of Niguma"; Naropa’s sister or spiritual consort
62. Dagmema - great Dzogchenma; wife of Marpa
63. Machig Dropa Gyalmo (12th c.) - initiated the practice of the longevity Buddha Amitayus
64. Machig Ongjo (12th c.)
65. Rechungma - one of Milarepa's 8 foremost female disciples
66. Darbum Chodron - disciple of Milarepa
67. Sahle Aui - disciple of Milarepa
68. Jomo Menmo Pema Tsokyi (1248-1283) - female gTértön called ‘The Lady Demoness’; incarnation of Yeshe Tsogyel's Speech
69. Drenchen Rema Shegmo - middle of 14th c. stone-pelting yogini
70. Jetsunma Mingyur Paldron - (1699-1769) - daughter of the gTértön Terdak Lingpa
71. Khandro Losèl Drölma (1802 – 1861) - renowned dakini; sister of Do Khyentsé Yeshé Dorje
72. Jomo Chhi-'mèd Pema - powerful yogini who could converse with the local Mountain Protectress in Tibet
73. A-Yu Khadro, Dorje Paldron (1839 – 1953) Tibetan chodma and great yogini
74. Pema Yangkyi - lifelong friend to A-Yu Khadro; Tibetan chodma and great yogini
75. Khandro Shardröl Rinchen Wangmo (1863 – 1959)
76. Jetsunma Shukseb - Ani Lochen (1865-1951) - master of Chod
77. Jétsunma Khandro Yeshé Réma (Khyungchen Aro Lingma) (1886 – 1923)
78. Jetsunma Thrinley Chodron – Dzogchenma; one of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo's root lamas
79. Gomchenma Pema 'O-Zér (1901 - unknown)
80. A-shé Khandro (1911- unknown)
81. A-yé Khandro (1918-1959)
82. Khandro Rig’dzin Takmo – one of the Five Dakini Mothers of Aro Yeshé
83. Khandro Tse-wang Gyurmed Pema – one of the Five Dakini Mothers of Aro Yeshé
84. Khandro Ja'gyür 'ö-Zér Nyima – one of the Five Dakini Mothers of Aro Yeshé
85. Khandro Chö-ying Nyima 'ö-Zér – one of the Five Dakini Mothers of Aro Yeshé
86. Sera Khandro (Dewe Dorje) – early 20th c. gTértön
87. Drikung Khandro – the Vajra Master of a group of 90 yoginis in Tibet
88. Jomo Sam’phel - great yogini living in Yang-lé-shöd, Nepal
89. Simo Dechen - contemporary gTértön; daughter of the great Dudjom Rinpoche
90. Khandro Khachi Wangmo - contemporary gTértön
91. Yage Kunsang Drolma - Rindzin Nuden Dorje nunnery
92. Delog Dawa Drolma - Chagdud Rinpoche's mother - delog
93. Khandro Urgyen Tsomo - incarnation of Yeshe Tsogyal renown as Great Dakini of Tsurphu
94. T'rinley Wangmo – Chagdud Rinpoche’s sister
95. Doljin Khandro Suren - Mongolian chodma
96. Sangyum Kusho - Dudjom Sangyum
97. Dagmola - Jamyang Sakya
98. Jetsun Chonyi Dechen Tsomo - 4th incarnation of Samding Dorje Phagmo
99. Jetsunma Tsewang Lhamo (unknown - 1995) - great dzogchenma
100. Khandro Lhamo - Dilgo Khentsye’s sangyum
101. Tsering Chodron Khandro - sangyum of Jamyang Chokyi Lodro
102. Kunsang Dechen - sangyum of Tulku Urgyen
103. Urgyen Chodron “Amala” - sangyum Abo Rinpoche
104. Jetsunma Kusho Chimey Luding – Sakya lineage
105. Tare Kandro (Tare Lhamo) – great gTértön and wisdom dakini
106. Chagdud Khadro
107. Khandro Déchen Tsédrüp Rolpa'i Yeshé
108. Ngala A’dzom Nyida Khyungtsal Yeshe Jagyur Rinpoche

Recently a famous Tibetan monk was asked to name some female wisdom masters, and he could think of only two.  Thanks to Jomo Sangchen Tsomo for compiling this list, originally posted at dakinitantra.org .

http://www.khandro.net/108_female_siddhas.htm



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