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Namdev Life And Philosophy






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Namdev Life And Philosophy

Namdev Life And Philosophy


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http://exoticindia.es/book/details/NAC171/

Especificaciones
Código del Artículo: NAC171

por Prabhakar Machwe

Hardcover (Edición: 1990)

Punjabi University

Tamaño: 8.9 inch X 5.5 inch
Páginas: 135
Weight of the Book: 245 gms

Precio: Euro 9.53

Descripción
Introduction

The Punjabi University, when it formulated its plans and programmes for the celebration of 500th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak, coming off in 1969, thought of bringing out biographies of three saint-poets of India, namely Sheikh Farid, Namdev and Bhakt Kabir, whose hymns are found in the Adi-Granth side by side with the compositions of other bhaktas and the Gurus. In the editorial scheme of the Adi—Granth, the hymns of Namdev are given a place immediately after the compositions of the Gurus and Bhakt Kabir, followed by the hymns of Ravidas, Farid, Trilochan, Sain, Pipa, Dhanna and others, in the musical measures (ragas) represented in the book.

The holy Adi-Granth or Guru Granth of the Sikhs was compiled in A. D. 1604 by Guru Arjan (A.D. 1581-1606) the fifth spiritual successor of Guru Nanak. This was probably the first scriptural book of its kind in the history of India, which collected in one volume the outpourings of the poetic minds of saints and devotees belonging to different faiths, castes, creeds, regions and times. This sacred Granth preserves for posterity an authentic representative anthology of devotional hymns of Indian saints of the medieval age. It was but proper that Namdev, the most out standing saint—poet of Maharashtra should have been assigned an honored place in this holy Granth.

Namdev was a prolific poet. According to a legend, he composed nearly a billion verses, though some of these are attributed to other members of household. The various stages of the development of thought through which the saint passed are amply reflected in the verses he composed. The 61 hymns of Namdev included in the Guru Granth pertain to the period when he had attained enlightenment through Nirgunu bhakti, or devotion to the formless Absolute. In a truly devotee’s style, Namdev describes his relation with the Lord as that of a wife to her husband, or that between the beloved and the lover

I am a mad women and God is my spouse;
It is for him I decorate myself elaborately

This strand of thought is present throughout the bhakti poetry. Guru Nanak’s depiction of the various moods of the ‘bride’ in wait of the lord’s affectionate hug, in his Barnmaha Tukhari, not only is a study in aesthetic appeal of poetry, but heightens the effect of devotional sentiment of the individual going through the text.

Bhakt Namdev preceded Guru Nanak by two centuries, if the consensus of testimony by historians and researchers be accepted. They put his year of birth as A.D. 1270, though some scholars place him in 1370, or even 1390. Dr. Prabhakar Machwe, in his present work has sifted extensive material on this point; he has also presented, in brief, the arguments offered by the supporters of various dates of Namdev’s birth, but the internal evidence on which he has relied points to October 26, 1270. Similary, there is a controversy about the place of the Bhakta’s birth. Whereas certain scholars hold Narasi Bamani, a village in the district of Safara, as the place of his birth, others think it is Pandharpur. Still others put it as a village in Prabhani District or Gokulpur, or even Gwalior.

There is an interesting legend about the parentage of Namdev too. It is said that the infant bhakta was found floating in a shell (sippi), in the river Chandrabhaga. Another story gives the name of a widow, Lacchmavati, as his mother, who got him without a human father, and the child was brought up by Bamdev, father of the widow. But the majority of historians and biographers mention the names of Damashet and Gonai (or Gonabai) as the father and mother of Namdev. A number of legends associate supernatural powers with the name of Namdev, and describe many a miracle happening to him, But legends, are after all legends and cannot take the place of history. The present work does acquaint the reader with the legendary tales, current in Marathi literature, about Namdev. However, the author has also tried to give a historical treatment to all the valid facts about the bhakta’s life.

He has also tried to interpret his teachings as rationally as possible. As the reader would see, Dr Machwe has done his job splendidly well.

The author has translated a good number of Namdev’s Marathi and Hindi abhangas into English, A selection of 35 of these compositions, drawn from various sources, has been included this book by way of specimen. In addition, the entire set of 6l hymns of Namdev, as available in the Guru Granth, and rendered into English by Dr Macauliffe, has been appended at the end.

Namdev is held in equal esteem in Maharashtra, his home State, and in the Punjab, where he is stated to have spent nearly two decades of his later life. Some of his Punjabi followers believe that the bhakta breathed his last at Ghuman, District Gurdaspur. However, most of his biographers are inclined to believe that he had returned to Pandharpur before he died. The story of his life, as also his composition unmistakably point out that Namdev led the life of a householder; the name of his wife was Raja bai, he had four sons and a daughter; his four daughters-in-law and a maid, Janabai, also lived with him. He was so passionately absorbed in the love of Vitthal (Bithula in Punjabi) that he attained complete detachment from the worldly life and became completely in tune with the Divine.

Namdev devoted his life to the uplift of lowly and to the eradication of suffering and anguish from men’s minds; he laid stress on the purity of human conduct, rather than empty ritual and superstition, and deserves a place of honor among the saint poets whom the Indian people revere. Guru Arjan, the fifth Nanak, showed his veneration for the Bhakta by including his hymns in the sacred Granth he compiled. This monograph, which is being brought out on the occasion of the 500th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak, amply brings out the identity of teachings of the Sikh Gurus and the medieval Bhaktas - a fact which needs to be stressed on such occasions.

Contents


Introduction v
1 Life 1
2Philosophy 34
3 Poetry 61
4 Translations 77

 Bibliography 127

Namdev Su Vida y Filosofía


La universidad del Punjabi, cuando formuló sus planes y programas para la celebración del 500 aniversario del nacimiento del gurú Nanak, allá por el año 1969, pensó en poner en evidencia las biografías de tres santo-poetas de la India, a saber Sheikh Farid, Namdev y Bhakt Kabir, cuyos himnos se encuentran en el Adi-Granth de lado a lado con las composiciones de otros bhaktas y gurúes. En el esquema editorial del Adi-Granth, los himnos de Namdev se dan un lugar inmediatamente después de las composiciones de los gurúes y del Bhakt Kabir, seguidas por los himnos de Ravidas, de Farid, de Trilochan, de Sain, Pipa, de Dhanna y de otros, en las medidas musicales (ragas) representadas en el libro.

El Sagrado Adi-Granth o Guru Granth de los sikhs fue compilado en el año 1604 A.D.  por el Guru Arjan (A.D. 1581-1606) el quinto sucesor espiritual del Guru Nanak. Éste era probablemente el primer libro scriptural de su clase en la historia de la India, que recogió en un volumen los flujos de las mentes poéticas de los santos y de los devotos que pertenecían a las diversas fes, castas, credos, regiones y épocas. Este Santo Granth preserva para la posteridad una antología representativa auténtica de himnos piadosos de santos indios de la Edad Media. Era empero apropiado que Namdev, el santo-poeta que destaca de Maharashtra se debe haber asignado un lugar honrado en este Santo Granth.

Namdev era un poeta prolífico. Según una leyenda, él compuso casi mil millones versos, aunque algunos de éstos se atribuyen a otros miembros del hogar. Las varias etapas del desarrollo del pensamiento con el cual reflejan al santo pasajero ampliamente en los versos que él compuso. Los 61 himnos de Namdev incluidos en el Guru Granth pertenecen al período cuando él había logrado la aclaración con el bhakti de Nirguna, o a la dedicación al Absoluto sin Forma. En el estilo verdadero de un devoto, Namdev describe su relación con el Señor como el de una esposa a su marido, o ésa entre el querido y el amante

Soy una joven doncella y Dios es mi esposo;
Así para Él  me adorno elaboradamente

Este filamento del pensamiento está presente a través de la poesía del bhakti. La pintura de Guru Nanak  y de los variados humores o melosidades, en la espera del abrazo cariñoso del Señor, en su Barnmaha Tukhari, no sólo es un estudio en la súplica estética de la poesía, sino que además aumenta el efecto del sentimiento piadoso de pasar individual a través del texto.

Bhakt Namdev precedió al Guru Nanak por dos siglos, si el consenso del testimonio de los historiadores y de los investigadores es aceptado. Fechan su año de nacimiento en 1270 A.D., aunque algunos eruditos lo colocan en 1370, o aún 1390. El Dr. Prabhakar Machwe, en su actual trabajo ha tamizado el material extenso en este punto; él también ha presentado, en resumen, las discusiones ofrecidas por los partidarios de varias fechas de nacimiento de Namdev, pero la evidencia interna en la cual él ha confiado señala al 26 de octubre de 1270. Similarmente, hay una controversia sobre el lugar del nacimiento del Bhakta. Considerando que ciertos eruditos sostienen Narasi Bamani, una aldea en el districto de Safara, como el lugar de su nacimiento, otros piensa que es Pandharpur. Todavía otros ponen a la aldea en el districto o Gokulpur de Prabhani, o aún Gwalior.

Hay una leyenda interesante sobre la familia de Namdev también. Se dice que el bhakta en su infancia fue encontrado flotando en una cáscara (sippi), en el río Chandrabhaga. Otra historia da el nombre de una viuda, Lacchmavati, como su madre, que lo consiguió sin un padre humano, y Bamdev, padre crió al niño de la viuda. Pero la mayoría de historiadores y los biógrafos mencionan los nombres de Damashet y Gonai (o Gonabai) como el padre y la madre de Namdev. Un número de leyendas asocian energías sobrenaturales al nombre de Namdev, y describen mucho un milagro que le sucedió, pero las leyendas, son las leyendas y no pueden tomar el lugar de la historia. El actual trabajo conoce al lector de los cuentos legendarios, actuales en literatura del Marathi, sobre Namdev. Sin embargo, el autor también ha intentado dar un tratamiento histórico a todos los hechos válidos sobre la vida de los bhakta.

Él también ha intentado interpretar sus enseñanzas tan racional como sea posible. Pues el lector vería, el Dr. Machwe ha hecho su trabajo espléndidamente bien.

El autor ha traducido un buen número del Marathi de Namdev y los abhangas del Hindi en el inglés, selección de A de 35 de estas composiciones, extraído de varias fuentes, se han incluido en este libro por espécimen. Además, el sistema entero de los himnos 6l de Namdev, como disponibles en el Guru Granth, y rendido a inglés por el Dr. Macauliffe, se ha añadido en el extremo.

Namdev fue estimado de igual modo, tanto en el maharashtra, su estado de origen, y en el Punjab, en donde le indican para haber pasado casi dos décadas de su vida posterior. Algunos de sus seguidores del Punjabi creen que el bhakta respiró su último en Ghuman, districto Gurdaspur. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de sus biógrafos están inclinados para creer que él había vuelto a Pandharpur antes de que él muriera. La historia de su vida, como también su composición inequívoca precisa que Namdev llevó la vida de un cabeza de familia; el nombre de su esposa era Raja bai, él tenía cuatro hijos y una hija; sus cuatro nueras y una criada, Janabai, también vivió con él. Lo absorbieron tan apasionado en el amor de Vitthal (Bithula en Punjabi) ese él logró la separación completa a partir de la vida mundana y se convirtió totalmente en armonía con el divino.

Namdev dedicó su vida al levantamiento de bajo y a la extirpación del sufrimiento y de la angustia de las mentes de los hombres; él subrayó la pureza de la conducta humana, algo que ritual y la superstición vacíos, y merece un lugar del honor entre los poetas del santo que la gente india venera. El Guru Arjan, el quinto Nanak, demostró su veneración por el Bhakta incluyendo sus himnos en el Sagrado Granth que él compiló. Esta monografía, que se está poniendo en evidencia en ocasión del 500 aniversario del nacimiento del Guru Nanak, pone en evidencia ampliamente la identidad de enseñanzas de los gurúes sikh y de los Bhaktas medievales - un hecho que necesita ser aclarado en tales ocasiones.

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Publicado por Sri Kanha en 23:45
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2 comentarios:

  1. marvelgeospatial5 de enero de 2021, 3:34

    Thanks for sharing the great article.
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  2. A stem cell clinic touts its links with leading scientists6 de julio de 2021, 10:11

    Politics & FDA clearance of 2 stem cell clinic COVID-19 efforts

    FDA is doing better job on unproven stem cell clinics, but it has cleared many INDs, some iffy, for stem cell and cellular medicine trials for COVID-19.

    The FDA and its CBER branch have been doing a good job overall in the last 3+ years to tackle the unproven stem cell clinic problem, but lately on the stem cells for COVID-19 front there is reason for real concern.

    I believe the agency is taking on major risk overall by clearing a vast number of cell therapy trials for COVID-19 mostly without much data, but the clearance of a few programs by for-profit stem cell clinics is especially problematic in my view.
    FDA on the ball more generally on clinics

    For background and on the positive, the FDA is taking the problem of the stem cell clinic industry very seriously and taking action on clinic firms that are injecting patients with unapproved stem cell drugs.

    It has sent off dozens of untitled and warning letters to clinic firms pitching unproven stem cells and other regenerative biologics like exosomes. The agency’s biologics branch called CBER is really on the ball on this these days. Its Director Peter Marks deserves big kudos for the serious commitment and marathon work here over many years to make things happen on this problem. Dr. Marks was the subject of an interesting piece in the WaPo by Laurie McGinley recently: Meet the most important federal official you probably don’t know — the man who holds the fate of the coronavirus vaccine in his hands.

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